Pakistan is hosting more than 1.44 million registered Afghans1 who have been forced to flee their homes, primarily due to war, internal conflict, insecurity, and persecution. Most refugees live in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province, located along the Afghan border2. Of these, 990,947 are registered outside Refugee Villages3 while a further 444,439 are registered inside Refugee Villages.4 This study serves to understand the underlying barriers to accessing COVID-19 information, testing facilities, treatment options, and vaccination among Afghan refugees and host communities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. More specifically, the study aims to analyse: Inclusiveness of the Pakistan government’s COVID-19 response from the perspective of Afghan refugees, as well as potential gaps Knowledge and perceptions of Afghan refugees about the virus, prevention protocols, response services and efficacy of communication strategies Whether the COVID-19 pandemic has been an opportunity to promote wider health-seeking behaviors